Origin of Universe in concurrent scenario

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The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is a proposed elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics. The Higgs boson’s existence would have profound importance in particle physics because it would prove the existence of the hypothetical Higgs field. It is the simplest of several proposed explanations for the origin of the symmetry-breaking mechanism by which elementary particles acquire mass. The leading explanation is that a field exists that has non-zero strength everywhere, even in otherwise empty space and that particles acquire mass by interacting with this so-called Higgs field. it has been the target of a long search in particle physics. One of the primary goals of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland—the most powerful particle accelerator and one of the most complicated scientific instruments ever built—is to test the existence of the Higgs boson and measure its properties which would allow physicists to confirm this cornerstone of modern theory.

The Higgs boson is named for Peter Higgs who, along with two other teams, proposed the mechanism that suggested such a particle in 1964. According to the Standard Model, the Higgs particle is a boson, a type of particle that allows multiple identical particles to exist in the same place in the same quantum state. It has no spin, electric charge, or colour charge. It is also very unstable, decaying into other particles almost immediately. Some extensions of the Standard Model predict the existence of more than one kind of Higgs boson.

On 4 July 2012, the CMS and the ATLAS experimental teams at the LHC independently announced that they each confirmed the formal discovery of a previously unknown boson of mass between 125–127 GeV/c2, whose behaviour so far has been consistent with a Higgs boson.continues even today.

Expansion of Universe & Concept of Matter: Universe was initially hot and dense and matter and antimatter collided together. Matter is typically defined as something which has mass and which also occupies some volume. Matter is basically made up of small spheres symbolized as atoms and molecules. Although, atoms and molecules are not the actual basic unit of any matter rather there are particles like electron, proton and neutron which are the elementary building units of the matter.

The detailed study of atom and molecule shows that every particle of the atom that is electron, proton and neutron has some fundamental properties in itself. These properties indicate to having specific mass, charge, direction of movement (clockwise or anticlockwise), magnetic properties etc. The combination of these properties of the particles also defines the specific characters of any atom and also of the matter.

A particle may acquire a defined set of these properties and any elementary unit having equal but opposite set of these properties is the Antiparticle. Corresponding to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and opposite electric charge. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged anti-electron, or positron. Similarly, antimatter is material composed of antiparticles, which have the same mass as particles of ordinary matter but have opposite charge and spin. An interaction of particle and antiparticle leads to annihilation or complete destruction of the matter and formation of new particles.

Universe and Cosmology: In the study of cosmic patterns matter is differentiated into Normal matter and Dark matter. Normal matter is the one which reflects light and is the one which we see all around us. Dark matter is that which does not interacts with light. That is, it does not interact electromagnetically and therefore it appears dark (i.e. it will not reflect light). The exact nature of dark matter is not well known. The most talked about dark matter of the current astro-physics is the Black hole and neutron stars etc.

Matter, Mass & the standard model of particle physics: In the recent years detailed study of atom and elementary particles has given a new idea of elementary particles. It has brought into view of constituent particles of the electrons, protons and neutrons also. It is now elaborated that electrons are made up of small composite particles called as Lepton and neutrons and protons are made up of small particles known as quarks. Together the leptons and quarks are called as ferminos.

This modern picture of the fundamental particles is now understood as Standard model of the particle physics. In this model 12 fundamental particles of matter are talked about. These particles include Electron, protron, neutron, positron, neutrino, muon, tau, ferminos, boson and their antiparticles etc. It is also added in this model that the relations and interactions between these particles is mediated by some another particle or particles. These mediating particles are still undefined.

So, it is as straight as it could be that composite particles combine to form the elementary particles, elementary particles combine together in different patterns to form an atom, many atoms combine to form a molecule and many molecules of same or different substances combine to form a matter. Hence everything around us that we see that is any type of solid, liquid, gas or plasma are all in fact kinds of matter which are composed of atoms and indeed the elementary particles. The basis of the mass of the matter is defined by the interactions of the fundamental particles of the matter.

Universe & the standard model of particle physics: ISince the generation of the concept of big bang the formation of new particles and their interaction has been a basis of a lot curiosity to understand the origin of universe. At the most elementary level the universe is managed by a definite pattern or symmetry. This concept that the universe is symmetrical also means that there should be a defined way on to how the fundamental particles interact and dance around each other.

The standard model of particle though gave an idea of presence of 12 different particles but the exact pattern of their interaction remained uncertain. Thus, the way out that the standard model could have justified the reliability and steadiness of the universe in the light of symmetry was that all the elementary particles are assumed to be having no mass.

This idea is practically not possible in the real world as all the matter which we come across do have a definite mass and volume and it would ultimately mean the fundamental unit of the matter that is the atom also does not have any mass. This creates a feeling of absurdness..........!!!

How to solve the problem? To give an answer to this problem it is assumed that the mass of all these particles and ultimately the matter comes from a separate particle. It is said that the fundamental particles do not have mass as an inherent property. Rather, mass comes from their interaction with another particle which is termed as the God Particle or the Higgs boson.

Of course, when the Standard Model was finalized in the mid-1970s, the Higgs boson had not been discovered, and no-one knew what energies would be needed to create one. Therefore, many particle accelerators were designed, built, and run, to slowly narrow down the possible energy scales at which the Higgs boson could be created and viewed.

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